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International economic relations --- Genealogy. Heraldy --- Applied arts. Arts and crafts --- Housekeeping --- Netherlands --- S17/1180 --- China: Art and archaeology--Pottery and porcelain: Chinese export porcelain and European ceramics --- China trade porcelain --- Exports --- Heraldic porcelain --- Imports --- International trade --- Armorial porcelain --- Armorial ware --- Porcelain --- Chinese export porcelain --- East India porcelain --- Export porcelain, Chinese --- Lowestoft, Oriental --- Oriental Lowestoft --- Porcelain, China trade --- Porcelain, East India --- Porcelain, Chinese

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This paper focuses on the independent states that are full members of the Caribbean Community. It provides background information on recent developments in the Caribbean region and lays out the principal policy issues that countries will need to address in the period ahead. The Caribbean countries face several common problems and must deal with similar economic policy issues. Consequently, concentrating on the regional perspective permits a comparison of the individual responses to similar problems. The regional view throws light on the countries' movement toward convergence. The economic prospects for the region are generally satisfactory over the medium term, but the projections depend importantly on the resolve of governments to pursue appropriate policies, as well as favorable developments in the rest of the world. The relatively favorable outlook for the region is not without risks, such as a slowdown in growth in the major trading partner countries or a term of trade shock.

Economic conditions. Economic development --- International finance --- International economic relations --- Caribbean Area --- Economic conditions --- Economic policy --- economie --- ontwikkelingsbeleid --- 338 <8> --- amerique latine --- developpement economique --- politique economique --- Free trade --- -Fiscal policy --- -Monetary policy --- -Foreign exchange rates --- -330.05 --- 330.9729 --- Exchange rates --- Fixed exchange rates --- Flexible exchange rates --- Floating exchange rates --- Fluctuating exchange rates --- Foreign exchange --- Rates of exchange --- Monetary management --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Finance, Public --- Free trade and protection --- Trade, Free --- Trade liberalization --- International trade --- Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Zuid-Amerika --- latijns amerika --- economische ontwikkeling --- economisch beleid --- Rates --- Government policy --- -Caribbean Area --- -Caribbean Free Trade Association countries --- Caribbean Region --- Caribbean Sea Region --- West Indies Region --- Commerce --- -Economic integration --- Economic policy. --- -Commerce --- 338 <8> Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Zuid-Amerika --- 330.05 --- Caribbean area --- Caribische Staten --- Caribbean Area - Economic conditions - 1945 --- -Caribbean Area - Economic policy --- Exports and Imports --- Inflation --- Investments: General --- Macroeconomics --- International Economics --- Trade: General --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Public Enterprises --- Public-Private Enterprises --- Price Level --- Deflation --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- International economics --- Civil service & public sector --- Public finance & taxation --- International trade & commerce --- Exports --- Imports --- Public sector --- Trade facilitation --- Economic sectors --- Revenue administration --- Prices --- Customs administration --- Trinidad and Tobago

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This paper summarizes the authorities’ stabilization efforts, how these efforts were subsequently reinforced by certain key structural reforms, and other related developments that help explain the remarkable performance of the Dominican Republic’s economy in the 1990s during which the country achieved one of the highest output growth rates in Latin America, combined with low inflation, and a much improved external debt profile. The authorities often resorted to external arrears as a means of financing the external current account deficits of the 1980s. Although rescheduling agreements were reached with the international banking community and with the Paris Club of official creditors in the mid-1980s, they met with limited success until the authorities embarked on their stabilization program of the early 1990s. Large and persistent fiscal deficits represented a significant burden for monetary policy. Although at the beginning of the decade more than half of the public deficit was financed by foreign loans, episodes of default on external and domestic government debt led to a progressive drying up of these sources of financing.

Dominican Republic --- economische indicatoren --- hervorming --- amerique latine --- 338.97293 --- latijns amerika --- Economic policy and planning (general) --- Economic conditions --- Economic policy --- Economic policy. --- 330.05 --- croissance economique --- politique economique --- situation economique --- economisch beleid --- monetair beleid --- economische groei --- economische toestand --- Dominican Republic - Economic conditions - 1961 --- -Dominican Republic - Economic policy --- Exports and Imports --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Taxation --- Production and Operations Management --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- Investment --- Capital --- Intangible Capital --- Capacity --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Macroeconomics --- Monetary economics --- Banking --- Revenue administration --- Tariffs --- External debt --- Arrears --- Public investment and public-private partnerships (PPP) --- Taxes --- Public sector --- Economic sectors --- Debts, External --- Revenue --- Industrial productivity --- Money supply --- Tariff

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This chapter evaluates whether a monetary union makes economic sense and discusses the institutional requirements for a successful Monetary Union in West Africa (ECOWAS). The chapter considers how best the political momentum for a union can be channeled toward a fundamental improvement in underlying policies. The paper also reviews the economic situation of the ECOWAS members, with the objective of evaluating the ease with which they can proceed to a common currency. Regional integration resulting in greater trade among ECOWAS countries may help increase efficiency of production. Trade among developing countries, in general, is likely to have fewer efficiency benefits than trade with developed countries, however, because the possibilities of exploiting complementarities are less. The foregoing considerations suggest that the momentum in favor of monetary union should be channelled into the crucial first phase of enhanced mutual surveillance and emphasis on each country improving its macroeconomic and structural policies. Success in this endeavor would in and of itself help to increase exchange rate stability.

International finance --- International Monetary Fund --- West Africa --- Monetary unions --- Economic Community of West African States --- Africa, West --- Economic integration --- Afrika --- monetair beleid --- 339.92 <6> --- -afrique --- pays en voie de developpement --- union monetaire --- 333.431 --- AFR / Africa - Afrika - Afrique --- 330.05 --- 332.4966 --- Common currencies --- Currency areas --- Currency unions --- Optimum currency areas --- Currency question --- Money --- Economische samenwerking en integratie. Tolunie--Afrika --- afrika --- ontwikkelingslanden --- monetaire unie --- Monetaire Unies. --- C.E.D.E.A.O. --- CEDEAO --- Communauté économique des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest --- Comunidade Económica dos Estados da África do Oeste --- Comunidade Económica dos Estados da África Ocidental --- E.C.O.W.A.S. --- ECOWAS --- Africa, Western --- Western Africa --- Economic integration. --- Working papers --- Economic Community of West African States. --- 339.92 <6> Economische samenwerking en integratie. Tolunie--Afrika --- afrique --- Monetaire Unies --- Monetary unions - Africa, West --- Africa, West - Economic integration --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Industries: Manufacturing --- Agribusiness --- Financial Aspects of Economic Integration --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Industry Studies: Manufacturing: General --- International economics --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Monetary economics --- Banking --- Manufacturing industries --- Agricultural economics --- Currencies --- Exchange rates --- Terms of trade --- Real effective exchange rates --- International trade --- Economic policy --- nternational cooperation --- Banks and banking --- Nigeria

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Following the 15-year civil war that started in 1975, Lebanon's government began the difficult task of economic stabilization and confidence building, on the one hand, and postwar reconstruction and development, on the other. The government led the reconstruction effort by formulating programs that aimed to rapidly rehabilitate the country's severly damaged infrastructure in preparation for private-sector-led growth over the medium term. At the same time, Lebanon introduced an exchange-rate-based nominal anchor policy to stabilize expectations and cut inflation. This paper analyzes the government's progress with the policies adopted.

Economic policy and planning (general) --- Lebanon --- European Union --- dette publique --- finances publiques --- liban --- politique economique --- politique fiscale --- situation economique --- taux d'interet --- Reconstruction --- -Economic stabilization --- -Finance, Public --- -Fiscal policy --- -Interest rates --- -Debts, Public --- -330.05 --- 330.95692 --- Debts, Government --- Government debts --- National debts --- Public debt --- Public debts --- Sovereign debt --- Debt --- Bonds --- Deficit financing --- Money market rates --- Rate of interest --- Rates, Interest --- Interest --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- Cameralistics --- Public finance --- Currency question --- Adjustment, Economic --- Business stabilization --- Economic adjustment --- Stabilization, Economic --- openbare schuld --- openbare financien --- libanon --- economisch beleid --- fiscaal beleid --- economische toestand --- rentevoeten --- Government policy --- Economic policy. --- Economic conditions --- -Statistics. --- Debts, Public --- Economic stabilization --- Fiscal policy --- Interest rates --- 330.05 --- E.U. --- Public finances --- Liban --- République libanaise --- Libanon --- Lubnān --- Libanan --- Livan --- Mont-Liban (Turkey : Mutaṣarrifīyah) --- Jabal Lubnān (Turkey : Mutaṣarrifīyah) --- Levanon --- Líbano --- Livanos --- Grand Lebanon --- Grand Liban --- Lebanese Republic --- Jumhūrīyah al Lubnānīyah --- Jumhouriya al-Lubnaniya --- Republic of Lebanon --- لبنان --- جمهورية اللبنانية --- Ліван --- Ліванская Рэспубліка --- Livanskai︠a︡ Rėspublika --- Ливан --- Република Ливан --- Republika Livan --- Λίβανος --- Δημοκρατία του Λιβάνου --- Dēmokratia tou Livanou --- Jumhūrīyyah al-Lubnānīyyah --- 레바논 --- לבנון --- רפובליקה הלבנונית --- Republiḳah ha-Levanonit --- Либан --- Либанска Република --- Libanska Republika --- レバノン --- Rebanon --- レバノン共和国 --- Rebanon Kyōwakoku --- Ливанская Республика --- Республіка Ліван --- Respublika Livan --- Ліванська Республика --- Livansʹka Respublyka --- Levonen --- 黎巴嫩 --- Libanen --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Investments: General --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Trade: General --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Investment & securities --- Banking --- Finance --- Treasury bills and bonds --- Revenue administration --- Expenditure --- Government debt management --- Financial institutions --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Government securities --- Revenue --- Expenditures, Public --- Banks and banking